13868 - Aadhaar Articles Dated 23rd August 2018

	Don't share Aadhaar on social media: UIDAI Times of India NEW DELHI: Users should not put their Aadhaar number on the internet or social media just as they would not disclose details of their PAN, debit and ... Courts, inquiry both reviewing Aadhaar security measures - Biometric Update Delhi High Court To Hear Plea Against UIDAI For Aadhaar Data Leaks - Inc42 Media UIDAI announces September 15 deadline for telecoms to implement Aadhaar facial biometrics - Biometric Update
	Banks opening accounts using Aadhaar copy without biometric/OTP check will be liable for loss ... Economic Times A bank account cannot be opened merely on the basis of submission of a physical Aadhaar card or its photocopy without biometric or OTP ... Aadhaar In The Dock - The Indian Express UIDAI is planning to roll out new facial recognition features very soon - GQ India Aadhaar face recognition option to go live for telecom firms from 15 Sept - domain-B
	2 held for making Aadhaar cards illegally The Hindu Two persons have been arrested by the Faridabad Police Crime Branch for allegedly making Aadhaar cards illegally and also changing the names, ... Two held for making fake Aadhaar cards - The Indian Express
	HC seeks reply of UIDAI, Centre on plea raising concern over Aadhaar data security The Indian Express The Delhi High Court on Tuesday sought response of the UIDAI and the Centre on a plea raising concerns about Aadhaar data security and privacy of ... HC seeks Centre, UIDAI's response on plea regarding loss caused by Aadhaar data leak ... - Firstpost UIDAI faces suit for Aadhaar data leaks, Delhi HC seeks response - Livemint Delhi HC issues notice in Shamnad Basheer's plea seeking damages for Aadhaar data leaks - Bar & Bench
	Government gives Aadhaar push, centralises DBT payments Deccan Herald At present, respective departments transfer subsidies and other benefits directly to beneficiary bank accounts, even if they are not linked with Aadhaar.
	Aadhaar, Ram Mandir, Sabarimala: CJI Dipak Misra will preside over several key cases before he ... Firstpost Misra is expected to deliver judgments in cases pertaining to the legality of Aadhaar and whether to refer the issue of mosques being essential to Islam ...
	Privacy woes: Aadhaar only the beginning The New Indian Express Forget about Aadhaar and biometrics—these are rudimentary prototypes of what the algorithms of Artificial Intelligence (AI) have in store for us.
	Meghalaya plans action against preacher urging people to shun Aadhaar, stop voting and schooling Hindustan Times An evangelist urging people to reject government schemes such as Aadhaar, the public distribution system and even adult franchise, has come to the ...
	Linking Aadhaar with bank accounts becomes boon for the banking industry Oneindia Besides other issues about the banking, linking of Aadhaar with bank accounts was applauded and criticized at the same time however the ...
	Google knows all: Bombay HC on petitions opposing Aadhaar for IT returns Daily News & Analysis A division bench of justices SC Dharmadhikari and BP Colabawala said they do not find any legal justification in not quoting Aadhaar while filing I-T ...
	M'laya 2nd lowest in Aadhaar saturation The Shillong Times But other northeastern states have shown high percentage of Aadhaar coverage with Arunachal Pradesh at 78.9 per cent, Manipur at 81.2 per cent, ...
	Kerala to reissue documents like Aadhaar, PAN cards lost in floods India Today Kerala floods have lost crucial documents like passport, driving licence, birth certificate, land sale deed and Aadhaar card. The Kerala government has ...
	Aadhaar, adultery, 377 and more: Complete guide to India's most-awaited Supreme Court verdicts Daily News & Analysis Constitutional validity of Adhaar: A bunch of petitions moved apex court to examine the constitutional validity of government's Aadhaar scheme and the ...
	The Daily Fix: Compulsory biometrics in Assam's NRC would be a grave violation of human rights Scroll.in The right to decide against handing over biometrics to the Union government is something that activists have been fighting for ever since the Aadhaar ...

13867 - AADHAAR ARTICLES DATED 21ST AUGUST 2018

	Snowden calls for criminal action against Aadhaar misuse Times of India BENGALURU: Former CIA official and whistleblower Edward Snowden has said that the UIDAI has created a mass surveillance system with Aadhaar ... UIDAI Aadhaar Card Face Recognition feature goes live from September 15: Here are the details - The Indian Express Edward Snowden on Aadhaar privacy: "The system is already going bad" - Digit Telcos to use facial authentication for Aadhaar KYC from next month - MediaNama.com
	Lenders push for PAN-Aadhaar linkage to bust fake PANs used to secure loans Moneycontrol.com Lenders have called for linking of Permanent Account Number (PAN) cards and Aadhaar cards to ensure that there is no use of fake PAN cards to ...
	Telecom companies to use face recognition for Aadhaar authentication The Indian Wire Individuals providing Aadhaar number as proof for availing new sim will have to undergo a 2-step authentication from September 15. This includes ...
	Aadhaar Ventures India Ltd. - Board Meeting Intimation for Board Meeting To Be Held On 27Th ... The Hindu BusinessLine AADHAAR VENTURES INDIA LTD.has informed BSE that the meeting of the Board of Directors of the Company is scheduled on 27/08/2018 ,inter alia, ...
	Draft NRC left-outs to get UIDAI tools for biometric profiling Economic Times Once the final NRC has been published such persons who are included in the NRC will be given the usual Aadhaar number as applicable to legal ...
	Get ePAN card online at home with Aadhaar card details News Heads The PAN card will be in digital format and will be issued only the basis of Aadhaar card. However, the newly introduced e-PAN card is for a short time ...
	Kerala teenager ends life after flood destroys his Class 12 school certificates; many others panic as ... Firstpost Thiruvananthapuram: Heartbroken on finding his class twelve certificates destroyed in the devastation caused by the deadly monsoon in Kerala, ... Teen ends life after rains destroy school certificates in Kerala floods 2018 - Times Now Kerala floods: Seeing school certificate in tatters, teen allegedly commits suicide - The Indian Express #KeralaFloods: 19-year-old commits suicide as rains destroy Class- 12 certificates - MENAFN.COM
	MCI's digital ID plan for doctors runs aground in Karnataka Times of India BENGALURU: An ambitious Medical Council of India (MCI) endeavour to provide Aadhaar-linked unique digital identity cards to doctors across the ...
	Saral Kendra becomes G'gram's Ist cashless fee payment centre Daily Pioneer With this, the applicants will be able to make payments through multiple digital modes like Unified Payment Interface (UPI) and Aadhaar Pay towards ...
	Kannada chronicles: Don't kid around with a Mysore silk saree promise Bangalore Mirror Then he said, Aadhaar card must be produced at the time of purchase. People agreed to that too. Then came the game changer. He announced that ...
	AMMK silently mopping up support base, enrols over 75 lakh Times of India “The exercise is being carried out, door to door, with each member being enrolled to provide a copy of his/her voter id, Aadhaar card, besides mobile ...
	Ground Report: Not just Naxalites, innocent Adivasis were also killed in Sukma, say eyewitnesses Newslaundry Some people have Aadhaar cards in the name of “identity”, while the rest only have their names on ration cards. How difficult it is to live this life—and ...
	Chandigarh: Purse, mobile phone snatched at gunpoint, man hurt The Indian Express Singh said that his purse contained Rs 2,000, his ATM card and other important documents like driving licence and Aadhaar card. When Singh ...
	Kerala floods: Before you return home, think The New Indian Express ALSO READ | How to retrieve lost Ration cards, Aadhaar, Voter IDs and other identification documents. Previously, Muralee was quoted as saying that ...
	No loading of ATMs past 9 pm in cities: Union home ministry Daily News & Analysis ... the security agencies — before employing prospective guards —will be required to carry out background checks like is the norm in police, Aadhaar ...
	Miscreants commit loot in broad daylight Daily Pioneer ... born criminals snatched cash beg from Shanti Devi and escaped with 30000 cash along with her Aadhaar Card and bank passbook, police said.

13866 - Fingerprints, Aadhaar and Law Enforcement – A Deadly Cocktail Is in the Making - The Wire

Fingerprints, Aadhaar and Law Enforcement – A Deadly Cocktail Is in the Making

Why does the National Crime Records Bureau want to amend the Aadhaar Act?

Various crime databases maintained by the state and central bureaus are being cross-seeded with Aadhaar numbers and demographics, thereby converging the civilian and the crime database via a staged approach. Illustration by The Wire

Anand Venkatanarayanan

GOVERNMENTTECH

16/AUG/2018

In June 2018, the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) sparked public outrage when its director Ish Kumar made a strong pitch for giving India’s police “limited access” to Aadhaar data for the purposes of investigating crime and tracing unidentified bodies.

This request, reportedly widely, was predictably met with a swift public denial by the Aadhaar authority, with the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) stating that Aadhaar data had never been shared with any crime investigating agency.

How credible is this denial, though? After all, there is evidence from as far back as 2013, before the enactment of the Aadhaar Act, to show that the police already had limited access to the Aadhaar database (often through court orders) and that the UIDAI had helped state police on a number of occasions.

In the last two years, there is more recent evidence to show how police departments across the country want to use Aadhaar. But before we get to that, it is important to understand why NCRB wants to access the Aadhaar database and how it would be able to do so.

Why does the NCRB need the UIDAI’s fingerprints?

India’s central fingerprint bureau is the nodal agency for setting standards, tools and processes for the collection, storage and analysis for fingerprints.

As fingerprint matching is considered crucial for nabbing repeat-offenders, standardisation of fingerprint images and allowing officials to search through them using an automated fingerprint identity system (AFIS) is important. The bureau’s 2015 report traces the trend towards automated searches and less reliance on manual processes. As of 2015, it holds 28 lakh fingerprints of arrested and convicted persons. 

What bothers the NCRB the most, however, are first-time offenders because their fingerprints are not available in the AFIS. This is where the UIDAI comes in, because these fingerprints are very likely to be available in the Aadhaar database, considering how big it is.

NCRB’s Ish Kumar explains it the best:

“There is need for access to Aadhaar data to police for the purpose of investigation. This is essential because 80% to 85% of the criminals every year are first-time offenders with no records [of them available] with the police. But they also leave their fingerprints while committing crime. There is need for limited access to Aadhaar, so that we can catch them.”

How would this work though? From the NCRB’s point of view, access to biometric data available in the Aadhaar database through a simultaneous search will likely work as shown in the diagram below.

For this type of simultaneous search to work seamlessly, the fingerprint capture image formats must match with the stored image formats and must be standardised across both organisations.

This was done by NCRB in 2013 and were published as shown below:

Biometric captured	Explanation	Standard used
Finger image	The raw image of  the  fingerprints	ISO/IEC 19794-4
Minutiae images	The patterns in every fingerprint  that is used for  comparison	ISO/IEC 19794-2
Mug shots	Facial  photographs  used	ITL – 1- 2011 (JPEG)

Crucially, the UIDAI has also used these same standards from its inception (Page 15, Section 9) for finger and minutiae images. The standardisation thus allows fingerprint capture by all existing devices used in Aadhaar authentication and enrollment.

Two types of search

The NCRB’s fingerprint bureau holds annual conferences, which almost always have discussions on Aadhaar because of the sheer possibilities that a potential integration would offer. 

With the imminent roll out of facial authentication by UIDAI, and the presence of a large fingerprint database, NCRB believes, in theory at least, that it can tap into the Aadhaar database in order to identify potential suspects (their demographic details and Aadhaar number) if they have latent fingerprints and CCTV mugshots of the perpetrators.

The process by which law enforcement searches for a list of potential suspects is usually referred to as a ‘1:N search’, meaning given a mugshot and fingerprint, the system could provide many potential suspects and their Aadhaar numbers.

These Aadhaar numbers can then be used to query various databases to obtain a detailed profile of the potential suspects, which can then be used to further narrow down potential suspects (often referred to as ‘1:1 search’).

The NCRB’s interest to “limited access” to the Aadhaar database can be understood from the minutes of meeting available from each of its annual conferences.

• The 15th conference on 2013, was attended by the UIDAI deputy director general Ashok Dalwai, in which it was told that “UIDAI would eventually converge with the police department over time”.
• The 16th conference on 2014 requested access to UIDAI database for identification of dead bodies.
• The 17th conference (2015) requested amendments to the Identification of Prisoner Act, 1920 to add other biometrics. It reiterated the request to access UIDAI database for identification of dead bodies and also made the crucial observation that the removal of non-convicts post their acquittal from the fingerprint database must be prioritised.
• The 18th conference (2017) reiterated the amendment to the Identification of Prisoner Act and said, “Aadhaar may be linked to identify dead bodies”.
• The 19th conference, (2018) discussed the need to amend the Aadhaar Act and the Prisoner Act for “identifying first time offenders and also for identifying dead bodies”.

The 1:1 search

India’s state police departments do not have to depend upon the UIDAI at all when it comes 1:1 search. There are already various state and central databases which are seeded with Aadhaar numbers. Hence once the suspect’s Aadhaar number is known, the local enforcement agencies can simply ask the various public entities that own or operate these numerous databases to provide them with the required information.

For instance, India’s state police can merely ask local banks to provide all information associated with a particular Aadhaar number, including linked phone numbers. 

This is how seeding Aadhaar numbers into various databases, referred to as “cross-seeding”, makes it easier to create 360-degree profiles, that are available on request for the law enforcement agencies without even needing a warrant.

Hidden backdoors for 1:1 search already exist

In October 30, 2017, the Times of India reported that a missing woman was identified from her half charred body using Aadhaar.

How could the police identify the woman from just a fingerprint? The back-door that allows this functionality is the “name/UID search” feature, which allows printing of an Aadhaar card, for those who have misplaced their Aadhaar number, using their fingerprints.

It is also obvious that a “fingerprint mould” was used by the police, since the woman was already dead. To know the identity of the missing woman, the police department obtained the names of all missing persons as reported in the district, during a specific time. It then used the “name search” feature along with their fingerprint mould to print their e-Aadhaar.

Screenshot of name/UIDAI feature. Credit: The Wire

Automating the 1:1 search

The southern state of Andhra Pradesh, has already created a vast fully interlinked resident database that has merged the crime and civilian aspects.

For instance the local state hub, has information about all its residents, the GPS coordinates of their homes, medicines they use, food rations they eat, what they say about their chief minister on their social media accounts, their caste, bank accounts on which they receive scholarships, pensions and their Aadhaar numbers.

This design allows the state police or any state official to know everything about an Aadhaar number holder by just typing their Aadhaar numbers.

A very similar exercise is under progress in the state of Telangana. The state hub hosts both the crime data and the Aadhaar data of the residents in one single entity called “Integrated Information Hub” and is also managed by the Hyderabad police.

Since the state police runs the state data hub, it also allows them full unlimited access to all the schemes that every family is enrolled into, along with access to authentication logs, thereby allowing real time tracking of the population, if need arises.

Telangana also offers an ongoing lesson on how a civil database (Aadhaar) and a crime database (used by NCRB and the various states) can converge. For instance, not only are the Aadhaar numbers of drunken drivers were seeded into the crime database, their family members’ Aadhaar numbers were also seeded.

Even those who are acquitted would continue to reside in the crime databases, and would be forced to share their Aadhaar numbers and their biometrics and also their family members’ details, until the courts directs them to stop doing so.

Purpose limitation is futile after a certain scale

Media reports over the last two years also indicate that the various crime databases maintained by the state and central bureaus are being cross-seeded with Aadhaar numbers and demographics, thereby converging the civilian and the crime database via a staged approach as described below:

• Madhya Pradesh police mull Aadhaar linking with the crime database.
• Home ministry directs prison authorities to link Aadhaar for tracking inmates and their visitors.
• Hyderabad police seek Aadhaar of those who are arrested, even before their conviction.
• Gwalior police seek Aadhaar of listed criminals in Madhya Pradesh.
• Tamil Nadu police demand Aadhaar from those who protest against bus fare hike.
• Rajasthan police plans to use Aadhaar for fetching data about suspects, victims and also complainants.

The cross-seeding of Aadhaar numbers with digital police systems such as the CCTNS (crime and criminal tracking network system) was something shunned by the initial team behind the biometric authentication programme.

“Nandan [Nilekani] told us that if they allowed us to do it, the people would never trust Aadhaar,” a former director-general of prisons of a large north Indian state told The Wire.

And yet, an early version of the software behind the Integrated Criminal Justice System (ICJS) – a programme that seeks to link the police’s criminal tracking system (CCTNS) with the digital information-technology systems for India’s courts and prisons – shows that Aadhaar was meant to serve as a crucial component of the overall ecosystem.

A screenshot of an initial version of how ICJS would look. Credit: The Wire

The image above is from 2016, showing that the NCRB, which implements the CCTNS and ICJS projects, had hoped to have the Aadhaar Act amended by now.

Parsing the UIDAI’s denial

The UIDAI in its denial asserted that “use of Aadhaar biometric data for criminal investigation is not allowed under the Aadhaar Act” and quoted Section 29 of the Aadhaar Act as corroboration.

The denial thus is limited to access to the biometric data (1:N search) and does not cover other cases like automated 1:1 access or request-based access to other entities. Furthermore, it also does not explicitly deny the creation of parallel biometric databases.

For instance, both the Hyderabad police (Entry 105) and the Chandigarh police (Entry 125) are on the list of Authentication User Agencies (AUA) and KYC User agencies (KUA) AUAs and KUAs are entities that are given access to the central Aadhaar database (CIDR) for authenticating Aadhaar holders.

This KUA access is sufficient for the police of both states to forcefully authenticate any arrestees to obtain their demographic information from the Aadhaar database.

Once KYC authentication fetches the demographic information, the police can use the Identification of Prisoners act, 1920 to obtain their fingerprints in the same standardised form used by the UIDAI to create a parallel database which mirrors the CIDR. The only catch is that unless the Aadhar Act is amended, the police cannot legally store other biometric parameters such as IRIS scans and vein prints. This is why successive NCRB conferences have recommended amending the Aadhaar Act.

UIDAI’s denial might look like a principled opposition, but it is also a reflexive mechanism to ensure that NCRB or other agencies don’t catch onto the fact that there are serious quality issues that plague the Aadhaar biometric database. For instance, biometric mixups affect (officially) nearly 2 crore Aadhaar holders and while the image formats are compatible, the minimum quality of capture for Aadhaar is a mere 52%.

Parallel biometric datbases

While Section 29 of the Aadhaar Act only deals with sharing of biometrics, it does allow limited access to the demographic data by allowing police to become KUA/AUAs and through other means.

The limited access to demographic data also allows the state police to build their own parallel fingerprint databases – something that is currently happening in at least three states. What’s worse is that entries are typically not deleted, as mandated by the Identification of Prisoner act, if an arrestee is acquitted later.

This allows convergence of the crime and civilian databases, as indicated by the-then deputy director general of the UIDAI, Ashok Dalwai, way back in 2013, leading to the implication that this had always been the original design.

A vast database that allows other entities (including states) to build their own parallel (and bigger) databases with parallel biometrics, by design, is exactly the architecture that an all encompassing surveillance state would need. Such an architecture makes the legal construct of “consent and purpose limitation”, as enunciated by the nine-judge privacy bench, impractical and unimplementable by design.

This is why the Srikrishna committee, while recommending amendments to the Act, has kept Aadhaar out of the purview of the proposed data protection bill. 

The typical response of the Supreme Court is to issue guidelines that needs to be followed by the state (PUCL vs Union of India, 1996), when it encounters complex questions, such as balancing the right to privacy and the requirements of law enforcement agencies.

But what if such an approach would meet nothing but failure, because the architecture of the project is designed to make guidelines based on “consent and purpose limitation” irrelevant?

While the software revolution sweeps by and eats the world, will it also end up eating the law and weaken constitutional rights? With the Supreme Court set to rule on the Aadhaar case, we will know soon enough.

(With inputs from Anuj Srivas)

13865 - Aadhaar Articles Dated 19th August 2018

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13864 - Aadhaar Articles Dated 18th August 2018

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	'Aadhaar chimeras threat to national security' The New Indian Express This, coupled with the fact that only around 50% of more than 120 crore Aadhaar numbers are 'authenticated', the extent of such wrong and fictitious ...
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	'Govt. should frame norms to protect Aadhaar data' The Hindu Digital India-2015 Brand Ambassador Ankit Fadia on Thursday said while Aadhaar database was safe, it was imperative that the government frames ...
	Separate biometric ID for 40 lakh not included in Assam's NRC: Centre MediaNama.com After the final list of the NRC is published, people whose names are not included in the register will be issued Aadhaar number, in the same fashion as ... Assam NRC: Separate Biometric ID for People Filing Claims and Objections - The Wire
	mAadhaar Mobile App: Here's How You Can Download Aadhaar Card on Your Smartphone LatestLY Aadhaar is a 12-digit c, which can be obtained by the residents of India only. Launched in the year 2009 by the Ministry of Electronics and Information ...
	Only 14 ration cards not linked to Aadhaar: Food Dept Millennium Post NEW DELHI: Delhi has nearly 19,42,681 ration card holders, out of which only 14 cards are not linked to Aadhaar cards till August 10. According to the ...
	Making Aadhaar Must To Buy Mysore Sarees Triggers Protest, K'taka Cancels Sale At Last Minute inUth.com Following the anger over making Aadhaar mandatory for availing sale offers to purchase Mysore silk sarees, Karnataka Silk Industries Corporation ...
	Aadhaar card: How to change name, phone number, email address online News Heads New Delhi : Aadhar Card was launched in 2009 by former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Earlier the card was optional but now, the 12-digit unique ...
	Submit timeline for complying with PDS order, HC directs Govt Daily Pioneer Terming PDS as a “misused system”, it had said that through Aadhaar, the endeavour was to ensure that the real beneficiaries get foodgrains. 'Submit timeline for complying with order on PDS' - The Hindu HC asks for timeline from govt to comply with order on PDS - The Hans India
	HC asks for timeline from Delhi govt to comply with order on PDS Times of India Terming PDS as a "misused system", it had said that through Aadhaar, the endeavour was to ensure that the real beneficiaries get foodgrains. Delhi High Court seeks timeline from state govt on implementing provisions of Food Security Act - Firstpost
	How to reset password on income tax e-filing website Economic Times From the drop down menu select 'Using Aadhaar OTP' option. Enter the Aadhaar number in the required field and click on 'Generate OTP option'.
	Kerala floods: Here's how you can reclaim important documents Times of India Aadhaar number can be traced with details like person's name, address and date-of-birth. For this, people can visit the nearest Akshaya Kendra ...
	KSIC puts off silk saree sale, angry customers protest The New Indian Express “Those who came today along with Aadhaar cards to purchase sarees, have been given a special token, and on a notified day, they can come and ...
	10 questions Indians want to ask PM Modi Yahoo News Dear Mr Narendra Modi,. Here are 10 questions the nation would like you to answer in India's 72nd year of independence: 1. Is Aadhaar safe even ...
	Number of child orphans crosses 26000 in Andhra Pradesh The Hans India The commission has already directed the centres to take steps to ensure every child get Aadhaar. The commission is also directing the women and ...
	Indian Navy Recruitment 2018: 118 Short Service Commission (SSC) Posts, Apply Before 24 ... News18 Indian Navy Recruitment 2018 application process to fill 118 vacancies for the post of Short Service Commission (SSC) in Technical Branch (Naval ...
	Here's how taxpayers can revise their ITR filing Moneycontrol.com Ankit Agarwal. Allowing taxpayers to submit returns up till August 31, provides relief to those have not filed it yet, especially employees who did not ...
	Modi's elephant looks fitter but still can't run Financial Express As a result of this, as well as the increased linking of bank accounts and PAN numbers with Aadhaar, there has been a sea change in India's tax ...
	On Independence Day, PM announces roll-out of Ayushman Bharat on 25 Sept Business Standard While initially Aadhaar will not be compulsory for identification, families availing of the scheme need to make sure they have Aadhaar registration by ...
	TNPSC Group 4 results 2018: Candidates can upload certificates from tomorrow The Indian Express The candidates need to verify these following documents — admit card, proof of nationality, voters id card, Aadhaar card, a copy of online application ...
	WATCH: How Modi Reacted When Late PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee Reportedly Rapped Him Over ... HuffPost India Na janam ke aadhaar par, na jaati ke aadhaar par, na sampraday ke adhaar par (A king, a ruler, should not discriminate against the subjects. Not on ...
	600 people stranded in Karukappilly village The Hindu “People have lost their Aadhaar cards among other belongings. What we desperately need now are dry clothes for the stranded people,” he said.
	DBT savings of Rs 90000 cr: Narendra Modi govt must build on this in battle against a leaky ... Firstpost While Aadhaar's usefulness in de-duplication cannot be denied, it is also a pain point on the ground. It was meant as a proof of identity but is being ...